Morphological and Growth Rate Differences between Bluegill Males of Alternative Reproductive Life Histories

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Ehlinger ◽  
Mart R. Gross ◽  
David P. Philipp
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Reproductive Life

scholarly journals Robustness of life histories to environmental variability in complex versus simple life cycles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Vital Rates ◽  
Habitat Separation ◽  
Simple Life

AbstractMost animal species have a complex life cycle (CLC) with metamorphosis. It is thus of interest to examine possible benefits of such life histories. The prevailing view is that CLC represents an adaptation for genetic decoupling of juvenile and adult traits, thereby allowing life stages to respond independently to different selective forces. Here I propose an additional potential advantage of CLCs that is, decreased variance in population growth rate due to habitat separation of life stages. Habitat separation of pre- and post-metamorphic stages means that the stages will experience different regimes of environmental variability. This is in contrast to species with simple life cycles (SLC) whose life stages often occupy one and the same habitat. The correlation in the fluctuations of the vital rates of life stages is therefore likely to be weaker in complex than in simple life cycles. By a theoretical framework using an analytical approach, I have (1) derived the relative advantage, in terms of long-run growth rate, of CLC over SLC phenotypes for a broad spectrum of life histories, and (2) explored which life histories that benefit most by a CLC, that is avoid correlation in vital rates between life stages. The direction and magnitude of gain depended on life history type and fluctuating vital rate. One implication of our study is that species with CLCs should, on average, be more robust to increased environmental variability caused by global warming than species with SLCs.

Adaptive Life Histories Effected by Age-Specific Survival and Growth Rate

Ecology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Survival And Growth

scholarly journals Evolution of reproductive life histories in island birds worldwide

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1733) ◽  
pp. 1531-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Covas
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Breeding ◽  
Nest Predation ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Broad Scale

Island environments typically share characteristics such as impoverished biotas and less-seasonal climates, which should be conducive to specific adaptations by organisms. However, with the exception of morphological studies, broad-scale tests of patterns of adaptation on islands are rare. Here, I examine reproductive patterns in island birds worldwide. Reproductive life histories are influenced by latitude, which could affect the response to insularity; therefore, I additionally test this hypothesis. Island colonizers showed mostly bi-parental care, but there was a significant increase in cooperative breeding on islands. Additionally, I found support for previous suggestions of reduced fecundity, longer developmental periods and increased investment in young on islands. However, clutch size increased with latitude at a rate nearly five times faster on the mainland than on the islands revealing a substantially stronger effect of insularity at higher latitudes. Latitude and insularity may also interact to determine egg volume and incubation periods, but these effects were less clear. Analyses of reproductive success did not support an effect of reduced nest predation as a driver of reproductive change, but this requires further study. The effect of latitude detected here suggests that the evolutionary changes associated with insularity relate to environmental stability and improved adult survival.

scholarly journals Life in the Slow Lane: Reproductive Life History of the White-Browed Scrubwren, an Australian Endemic

The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Magrath ◽  
Ashley W. Leedman ◽  
Janet L. Gardner ◽  
Anthony Giannasca ◽  
Anjeli C. Nathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Successful Attempt ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Small Clutch

Abstract An understanding of geographic and phylogenetic variation in passerine life histories is hampered by the scarcity of studies from the Southern Hemisphere. We documented the breeding biology of the White-browed Scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis), an Australia endemic in the Pardalotidae (parvorder Corvida). Like other members of the Pardalotidae, scrubwrens had a long laying interval (two days), a long incubation period (declining from 21 to 17 days through the season), and a long period of postfledging parental care (6 to 7 weeks). Scrubwrens appeared to be typical of the Australian Corvida in having a small clutch size (three eggs) and a long breeding season (5.4 months), and they also had a long interval between breeding attempts (10 days after a failed attempt, 21 days after a successful attempt). Scrubwrens were multibrooded, often raising two broods successfully and occasionally raising three broods. The breeding biology of scrubwrens adds further support to claims of a distinct life-history strategy for members of the Corvida but also reinforces evidence that some “Corvida” life-history traits more specifically are those of the Pardalotidae.

scholarly journals Using an individual-based model with four trophic levels to model the effect of predation and competition on squid recruitment

2011 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Sinerchia ◽  
Anthony J. Field ◽  
John D. Woods ◽  
Silvana Vallerga ◽  
Wes R. Hinsley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Individual Based Model ◽  
Top Predators ◽  
Exogenous Forcing

Abstract Sinerchia, M., Field, A. J., Woods, J. D., Vallerga, S., and Hinsley, W. R. 2012. Using an individual-based model with four trophic levels to model the effect of predation and competition on squid recruitment. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 439–447. The Lagrangian Ensemble recruitment model (LERM) is the first prognostic model of fisheries recruitment based upon individuals. It incorporates five functional groups: phytoplankton (diatoms), herbivorous zooplankton (copepods), carnivorous zooplankton (squid paralarvae), and two top predators. Physiology and behaviour are described by equations derived from literature based on reproducible laboratory experiments. LERM is built using the Lagrangian Ensemble metamodel, in which the demography and biofeedback of each dynamic population are diagnostic properties, emerging from the life histories of individuals. The response of the plankton ecosystem and squid recruitment to different scenarios of exogenous forcing is investigated. Simulations were run at 41°N 27°W (Azores) under a stationary annual cycle of atmospheric forcing. The ecosystem adjusts to a stable attractor for each scenario. The emergent properties of each attractor are investigated, with focus on predation, competition for food, and spawning magnitude. Annual recruitment is a complex emergent property dependent on several factors, including food availability, predation, competition, and post-hatching growth rate, as proposed by Hjort's critical period theory, relating recruitment to predation mortality, depending on growth rate and hence food availability. The model provides a useful step towards linking small-scale processes governing the life histories of larvae and fisheries on the large scale.

scholarly journals Shifting thresholds: rapid evolution of migratory life histories in steelhead/rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey Phillis ◽  
Jonathan W Moore ◽  
Mathieu Buoro ◽  
Sean Hayes ◽  
Carlos Garza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Contemporary Evolution ◽  
Conditional Strategy ◽  
Threshold Size ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Expression of phenotypic plasticity depends on reaction norms adapted to historic selective regimes; anthropogenic changes in these selection regimes necessitate contemporary evolution or extirpation. Adaptation of conditional strategies following a change in the selection regime requires evolution of either the environmentally influenced cue (e.g. growth rate) or the state (e.g. size threshold) at which an individual switches between conditional strategies. Using a population of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introduced above a barrier waterfall in 1910, we evaluate how the conditional strategy to migrate evolves in response to selection against migration. Common garden-raised offspring of parents from the above-barrier population were 11% smaller and 31% lighter than offspring of parents from the below-barrier source population. Using a novel analytical approach we estimate that the mean size at which above-barrier fish switch between the resident and migrant strategy is 43% larger than below-barrier fish. As a result, above-barrier fish were 30% less likely to express the migratory strategy. Our results demonstrate how rapid and opposing changes in growth rate and threshold size contribute to the contemporary evolution of a conditional strategy and indicate that migratory barriers may elicit rapid evolution towards the resident life-history on timescales relevant for conservation and management of conditionally migratory species.

scholarly journals Sexual conflict in self-fertile hermaphrodites: reproductive differences among species, and between individuals versus cohorts, in the leech genus Helobdella (Lophotrochozoa; Annelida; Clitellata; Hirudinida; Glossiphoniidae)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshni G. Iyer ◽  
D. Valle Rogers ◽  
Christopher J. Winchell ◽  
David A. Weisblat
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Reproductive Parameters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Third ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Cross Fertilization

ABSTRACTLeeches and oligochaetes comprise a monophyletic group of annelids, the Clitellata, whose reproduction is characterized by simultaneous hermaphroditism. While most clitellate species reproduce by cross-fertilization, self-fertilization has been described within the speciose genus Helobdella. Here we document the reproductive life histories and reproductive capacities for three other Helobdella species. Under laboratory conditions, both H. robusta and H. octatestisaca exhibit uniparental reproduction, apparently reflecting self-fertility, and suggesting that this trait is ancestral for the genus. However, the third species, H. austinensis, seems incapable of reproduction by self-fertilization, so we inferred its reproductive life history by analyzing reproduction in breeding cohorts. Comparing the reproductive parameters for H. robusta reproducing in isolation and in cohorts revealed that reproduction in cohorts is dramatically delayed with respect to that of isolated individuals, and that cohorts of leeches coordinate their cocoon deposition in a manner that is not predicted from the reproductive parameters of individuals reproducing in isolation. Finally, our comparisons of reproductive capacity for individuals versus cohorts for H. robusta, and between different sizes of cohorts for H. austinensis, reveal differences in resource allocation between male and female reproductive roles that are consistent with evolutionary theory.

scholarly journals Production of Nonadhesive Eggs by Flathead Chub and Implications for Downstream Transport and Conservation

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Bestgen ◽  
Harry J. Crockett ◽  
Matthew R. Haworth ◽  
Ryan M. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Egg Retention ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Pelagic Spawning

Abstract Plains stream fishes in North America, including flathead chub Platygobio gracilis, are negatively affected by stream-flow alterations and fragmentation, and limited information on egg type and reproductive strategy hinders their conservation. On the basis of several lines of evidence, including laboratory culture, observations of reproduction in captivity, and capture and rearing of eggs from Fountain Creek, Colorado, we report that flathead chub produce nonadhesive eggs. Flathead chub eggs are relatively small at 2.3 mm mean diameter, have a greater yolk-to-egg volume ratio and thus sink faster, and take longer to hatch, compared with nonadhesive eggs from pelagic spawning species. Flathead chub are also longer lived compared with pelagic spawning species and the wider variety of habitat types they occupy may influence upstream egg retention. Although spawning mode (e.g., pelagic, lithopelagic, other) is incompletely known for flathead chub, habitat needs in terms of flows and reach lengths suitable for reproduction and recruitment may vary with habitat type but may be similar to that for other pelagic spawning species. Accommodating specialized reproductive life histories of fishes, including egg type and transport characteristics, in stream conservation planning may assist with maintaining or enhancing populations of all Great Plains cyprinids, including increasingly rare flathead chub.

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